Lord Byron’s Don Juan Essay Example for Free

Lord Byrons strike Juan EssayLord Byrons father Juan is a satiric poem that offers a seemingly idiotic and serious outlook of sexual activityuality. In three different sexual relations in three different places, the events that surround Don Juan are both absurd and questionable. From an early affair with Donna Julia, to an innocently, beautiful engagement with Haidee and finally an unfulfilled and avoided relation with the Sultana Gulbeyaz, Don Juan escapes through the clutches of screw with shattered innocence, a furrowed heart and near fatal eroticism. As Byrons satiric genius developed, it prevailed to employ less and less of the traditional axe-swinging of the neoclassic satirists and to approach to a greater extent and more the mocking and ironic earthly concernner of the Italian burlesque poetsFinally, when his satiric genius had fully ripened, Byron found complete expression in serious and social sarcasm (Trueblood, 19). From an early age, Don Juan was destined to wander through a maze of sexuality. One can see this unfolding by merely looking at his parents marriage. Let us primary look at Don Juans parents, Don Jose and Donna Inez. Byron presents the couple ironically and comically. Donna Inez, moralitys straitlaced personification perfect past all parallel (Byron, I, 16-17), still is not good enough for Don Jose.A man with a greater interrelate for women than knowledge, Don Jose is not a particularly admirable father figure. He lacks respect for his wife, and like a lineal son of Eve, /Went plucking various fruits without her leave (Byron, I, 18). This allusion to Don Jose being a son of Eve is virtuallywhat accurate and satirical. Like Eve, he is careless and unaware of the consequences of his moveions. However, as Eves son, the offspring of divinity fudges beautiful creation, Don Jose is given holy qualities. He cannot be blamed for his actions, and for a long time, Donna Inez blinds herself from his wrongdoings and maintains th eir marital status. Their relationship is practically pointless a mother and father that wished each other dead, not divorced. The unification of Don Jose and Donna Inez is a comical union. What men call gallantry, and gods adultery, / Is much more common where the humors sultry (Byron, I, 63). The cardinal reach a point where they cannot stand each other, yet for some reason, they stay together. At the same time, marital disputes and unfaithfulness make for no laughing matter.They were, and continue to be, problems for couples all around the world. Byron depicts Don Jose and Donna Inez at each others throats, but still sleeping status by side. To further solidify ironic humour, when their divorce inevitably approaches, Don Jose falls ill and dies. His shoemakers last right before getting divorced symbolizes the death of marriage. Byron might be poking fun at the fact that more and more marriages end in divorce, and that the fire shared by soul copulate typically burns out. Des pite being an unfaithful and uncaring father, the narrator paradoxically calls Don Jose an honourable man. The death of the father creates increased duties for the mother. Donna Inez decides to enlighten Don Juan with the teachings of art and sciences, but in doing so, neglects teaching him the basic facts of brio. Someone uniformed about basic life necessities is at risk of not crafty how to act and react to certain situations. Though Don Juan does not attempt to manipulate those around him, his lack of direction leads him to being a dupe of a harsh, vindictive world.Ladies even of the most uneasy virtue / Prefer a spouse whose age is short of thirty (Byron, I, 61). This is a bold statement from the narrator, but it is for sure the case for Donna Julia, Donna Inezs friend. She falls for the young and handsome Don Juan when he turns sixteen, though her affection chicken feeded before indeed. Donna Julia is seven years older than Don Juan. Her revel for the young lad is both c omic and paedophilic. Donna Julia unsuccessfully resists temptation, and eventually takes Juans innocence and sends him along a path of sexual confusion. As the narrator states scour innocence itself has many a wile / And will not dare to trust itself with truth, / And love is taught hypocrisy from youth (Byron, I, 72). Her inability to resist Don Juan is satirical for he is sexually inexperienced. Being sexually unsatisfied, one would think Donna Julia would pursue a lover with sexual experience. Her longing for such a young man is bizarre and questionable. Byron seems to the think temptation integral to creation, and fall the inevitable consequence of temptation (Ridenour, 29).For Don Juan, an impending relationship with Donna Julia is most appealing, but in turn, it is the start of spiralling, sexual journey. Oh pleasure, youre indeed a pleasant thing, / Although one must be damned for you no doubt (Byron, I, 119). Unfortunate consequences of plentiful pleasure tend to follow Do n Juan around. His romance with Donna Julia is of short lived passion. One November night, Don Alfonsos suspicions reach a new height and he confronts Donna Julia in her suite. The season is epochal November represents the conclusion of fall and an approaching winter. The trees lose their leaves, plants and shrubs dwindle and the days get shorter and colder. These events can be compared to Don Juan and Donna Julias relationship, as its fire is extinguished by an upset Don Alfonso. Man is chained to cold earth and is able to alleviate his sufferings completely by his own efforts by love and glory and, as we learn in the second stanza, by poetry. This very poem is presented as an attempt to give color, form, warmth to a world naturally colorless, indefinite and vibration (Ridenour, 33).This thought can also be applied to Donna Julia, who was brightening her world with the young Don Juan. Though she promised Don Alfonso to never disgrace the ring she wore, she falls victim to the f act that pleasures a sin and sometimes sins a pleasure (Byron, I, 133). Donna Julia acts like a double-edged sword when confronted by Don Alfonso. She gets upsets by his unfaithful accusations, while the whole time, Don Juan is hidden beneath a pile of clothes. Satire was Byrons natural and habitual resolution to censure and injury (Trueblood, 20). In the end, Donna Julia is left emotionally hurt and displaced, while Don Juan barely escapes from a physical punishment. Don Alfonso is left betrayed, deceived and not knowing where to turn. The first canto ends with the same disheartened feeling All things that have been born were born to die, / And flesh (which Death mows down to hay) is grass (Byron, I, 220). The allusion of Death mowing the grass of life is comic and serious. Humans age from year to year and their health eventually deteriorates. The same can be said of Don Juans sexual relations.In Don Juan, Byron uses almost every possible variation of epic shadiness, from the fri volous to the almost entirely serious (Clancy, 63). The tone takes a turn for the worse when Juan is refer in a shipwreck. He manages to get aboard a longboat and escape the capsizing ship. Juans luck whole lasts so long for his tutor, who boards the longboat only to be eaten some(prenominal) days later. Just when Juan appears on the brink of death, he floats to safety clutching an oar. The oar can be seen as an obvious phallic symbol, and in turn, it leads Juan to his first accepted love, Haidee. Amidst the barren sand and rocks so rude / She and her wave-worn love had made their bower (Byron, II, 198). The setting of their relationship is perfect, for it is both beautiful and dangerous. As Byron is careful to point out, it is here, on a coast whose perils have been repeatedly emphasized, that the peculiarly harmonious and ideal love of Juan and Haidee is consummated (Ridenour, 44).The love of Juan and Haidee has a quality of magnificence which Don Juan and Donna Julia lacked. The two are portrayed as soul mates that happened upon each other. They were brought together in a stroke of luck and when their union is denied the power of love sours to lust, sex hatred and leering prudishness. What is true love is equally true of the other passionsThe attempt to contain the passions and stop the flow of life always defeats itself in some manner. This is the particular form which the standard satiric plot takes in Don Juan (Kernan, 93). Though Haidee and Juan were meant for each other, Lambro interferes and puts an end to their relationship. He ruins the purity of love, which had ironically been washed up on a beach. Lambro puts Juan into slavery, and furthermore, causes his daughters coma and eventual death. Had he accepted the unification of Juan and Haidee, life in general would have been happier, gayer.Violence and incommode lurk behind tranquility and harmony, and the tranquil and harmonious are fated inevitably to dissolve again in the violent and chaotic. This is an immutable law of Byrons world. Haidee was, Natures bride (Byron, II, 202), and the love she shared with Juan is contrasted in its naturalness with the unnatural situation of woman in society. Their union is almost an act of natural religion. (Ridenour). bloody shame Grant places Don Juan among the different kinds of humor, the mild and pervasive type of Socratic irony, subtle in its half-laughter and half-earnestness, harmonized best with the ease of affability of the sermo, its change of tone from grave to gay, its arts in the absence of art (Ridenour,10).Don Juan is brought to a slave market in Constantinople and bought by a eunuch for the Sultana, Gulbeyaz. The eunuch, Baba, can be seen as a sinister and dangerous character. The technique of associating the subject to be ridiculed with sexual impotence is, of course, a traditional one but the connection surrounded by impotence and lust for power exists on a much deeper level than that of mere invective (Ridenour, 12) . Babas sexual life has been obliterated, and his condition foreshadows a forceful change to Don Juan. This is fulfilled when he is brought to the palace and immediately dressed in womans clothing. Juans gender rearrangement is ironic, and turns bizarre when Gulbeyaz demands him to make love to her. As he is still in mourning for losing Haidee, Juan refuses and bursts into tears. In the accounts of his Juans relations with women, he is not made to appear heroic or even reward and these impress us as having an ingredient of the genuine as well as of the make-believe (Eliot, 97).His actions at first infuriate the Sultana, then she feels compassion, and eventually she cries. Juan is displaced from a man to a weeping woman, while Gulbeyaz turns from a demanding woman to an apathetic female. Communication between the two is short lived as the grand Turk approaches the castle. Upon seeing Juan, the sultan states I see youve bought another girl tis pity / That a mere Christian should be half so pretty (Byron, V, 155). The sultan, who has four wives and undoubtedly several mistresses, comes off as a fool for not noticing that Juan is a male. We can laugh at his blindness, but at the same time, one can only wonder what else he does not see. In Canto I we have the amusing account of the genealogy of Don Juan. Then there is a description of the first of Juans amours, the Julia episode. Canto II continues Juans adventures, including his shipwreck and subsequent love affair with Haidee. In Cantos III and IV the passionate romance of Haidee and Juan comes to its tragic end and Juan is in brief embroiled in the ludicrous seraglio escapade which occupies the whole of Canto V and is concluded in Canto VI (Trueblood, 5).Through these episodes, Byron uses satire to portray sexuality in a comical and serious manner. The poem is a satire on the romantic cult of passion and on the natural man whose passions are his only guide from his proper woes (Clancy, 53). Don Juan is sent on a rollercoaster of sexuality paedophilic love, true love ending in a broken heart and then a confusing, uncertain relation. Through hardships and endeavours, Don Juan comes out a stronger man. From the first six cantos, one can conclude that love, which should be a means of overcoming self, of life story in and for another person, is itself egotistic. The remedy merely aggravates the disorder. It is the same paradox which, in other terms, we have met so often before (Ridenour, 75). The comedic yet serious limning of sexuality makes Don Juan one of the greatest satires even written.

U.S. Equal Employment Essay Example for Free

U.S. Equal Employment Essay1.0 OverviewOver the old period, Human Resources has been affected by both companionable and demographic trends that significantly impact on Equal Employment probability economy and the entire Human Resource Management in general. The research seeks to gauge how effective and successful this impact has been, and what its future in Human Resource Management is.It seeks to describe the major conditions that led to the passing of each piece of EEO legislation that is, championship VII, adenosine deaminase, and ADEA. In each section, we will look at legal, social, political, demographic and economic events. Secondly it will commit the problems these three pieces of legislation intend to let off while comparing with the current status. Finally the research will look at the success of the legislations and consequently their future.2.0 Literature Review2.1 human action VIIThis deals with the refusal of employers to use up an separate as a result o f his race, color, religion, sex and national background. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits such kind of job variety. It covers all companies with 15 or more employees for more than 19 weeks.2.1.1 Major Conditions that led to the passage of Title VII legislation.Legal conditions accept the Civil Rights Act of 1991 amendment of several sections of Title VII. This amendment made it clear that it would be an un jurisprudenceful occupation practice for an employer to fail to hire or to discharge any individual on the basis of his background. This superlative was a landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed segregation in schools and public places.On political grounds, Title VII requirements were first initiated to garter African Americans but later amended to protect women in courts, and explicitly included white people as well. It withal started the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Secondly, if someone has a complaint and another helps the complain ant, the company should not retaliate against either. Thus it gave employees the right to complain. Title VII bill divided and engendered a long change in the demographics of two political parties. However, both sides of the political divide voted for the bill, which won because it increased individual liberty.One of the key provisions by Title VII is the prohibition of unintentional discrimination by use of requirements which move over an adverse effect on protected groups. This is for example the use of educational requirements, tests or other restrictions which atomic number 18 not related to the calling or even required by business necessity.Demographic conditions include the fact that pregnant women also had problems getting jobs and this rose to Title VII act which prohibits discrimination due to pregnancy. It requires that pregnancy be treated the same as any other non-work-related harm.Sexual, racial, religions and pagan bedevilment was another major condition for the rising of Title VII. Thus one major provision of Title VII is the prohibition of sexual, racial, religious, and ethnic harassment by supervisors, coworkers or even by third parties. Discrimination of employees nether such conditions renders companies strictly liable, which results in tangible loss of job benefits.Economically, in ordinate to circumvent limitations on the federal use of the Equal Protection Clause handed down by the Civil Rights Cases, the law was passed under the Commerce Clause.2.1.2 Problems the law intended to remedy.The discrimination of employment was a major problem that this law intended to remedy, thus it prohibits discrimination due to race, color, religion, gender, and national origin in hiring, employment, and termination. These miscellaneous laws intended to enable the fitting treatment of all people from different backgrounds to avoid social menaces such as riots and crime. Title VII aimed to increase individual liberty.2.2 ADAThis means Americans with Disabilities Act. It is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. However, the determination of whether any particular condition is considered a disability is made on a case by case basis.The employing company must modify performance standards to accommodate the disability of an employee. For example, if an employee is unable to meet a target because of disability-related absences, then his job must be reduced. If an employee with up-to-date job requirements suddenly starts having performance problems related to the disability, the company must assess the need for juvenile accommodations such as job transfers.There is also the requirement of provision of extra leave in order to accommodate the disability of an employee. This is for instance by taking measures such as the adoption of an automatic policy of terminations after some leave expires, and even making an individualized determination as to the rigor which would be caused by exten ding the leave.However, the employee does not curb the right to dictate which type of accommodation is chosen by the company, as long as the accommodation allows the employee to do the work. Similarly, the company may not force an employee to take an accommodation whereas by the refusal of that accommodation, if the employee is unable to do the job, the company is entitled to terminate him.2.2.1 Major Conditions that led to the passage of ADA legislation.Employers used to require disclosure of information from applicants including private information. This resulted into discrimination in case the applicant possess information that favored him adversely. The ADA guidelines domiciliate for job applicants not to be asked if they need accommodation to perform the job. They are only supposed to be asked this after the job offer or if they are to be asked, this may happen only in order for them to complete the application process.This prompts the company to ordinarily provide the reques ted accommodation to allow the applicant to complete the application process. Even though it seems completely futile to ask for some positions such as a deaf person applying for a job as a music judge, the applicant must still be allowed to go through the application process. It is abominable to refuse to allow the applicant to make an application and go through the required applicant testing. As a result, companies seeking employees able to perform certain essential physical tasks may indirect request to consider including physical performance testing early in the application process.Legal conditions include circumstances whereby employees used to be discriminated upon and terminated as a result of not being able to do their duties, because of their conditions. In order to be considered covered by the ADA the employee does not need to mention the earthly concern of any disability, or ask for any accommodation.All that is required is for the employee to give sufficient information to let the Company know that he may have a covered disability or may need an accommodation. Secondly, he does not need to propose any specific accommodation, but just identify the existence of an impairment and give a general description of the problems the impairment may be causing.Further, he does not need to provide a checkup release to the company to allow a general review of all medical records, and may limit the release to records which apply to the particular condition at issue. A company has no duty to monitor an employees medications unless failure of taking the medicine by the employee causes the employee not to perform, in which case he should be disciplined.2.2.2 Problems the law intended to remedy.Job applicants with disabilities found it difficult because of being required to give reports or mentioning the existence of inabilities. The results of such requirements led to failure to attain employment and this became a problem that needed to be remedied. Besides the re duction of employment opportunities to the disabled, this law also remedied the problem of the possibility of lost talent which could be possessed by Americans with disabilities.2.3 ADEAThis act is aimed at prohibiting age discrimination in employment. It is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, which prohibits employment discrimination against persons 40 years of age or cured in the United States. This law also sets standards for pensions and benefits provided by employers and requires that information about the needs of older workers be provided to the general public. match to the ADEA regulations, it is unlawful for an employer to refuse to hire any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of his or her age. Employers should also not limit, segregate, or classify their employees in any mien which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his st atus as an employee, because of age. Reduction of the earnings rate of any employee on the basis of age shall also be unlawful. The ADEA specifically prohibits discrimination in hiring, promotions, wages, or layoffs. This includes statements or specifications in job notices or advertisements of age preference and limitations, and denial of benefits to older employees.An employer may reduce benefits based on age only if the cost of providing the reduced benefits to older workers is the same as the cost of providing full benefits to teenageer workers. Since 1978 ADEA has prohibited mandatory retirement in most sectors, with phased elimination of mandatory retirement for tenured workers, such as college professors, in 1993. In the face of rising productivity and affluence, older workersfind themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs. The setting of arbitrary age limits regardless of potential for job pe rformance has become a common practice, and certain otherwise desirable practices may work to the disadvantage of older persons. commodious term unemployment, may result into deterioration of skill, morale, and the risk of an employer not accepting the job applicant on the basis of age and especially if the applicant is older than average. This is high among older workers and relatively low among the younger ones.2.3.1 Major Conditions that led to the passage of ADEA legislation.There are some circumstances that would lead to the deprivation of employment opportunities to an individual, or limit such employment opportunities. Other circumstances would adversely affect his status as an employee or as an applicant for employment, because of age.2.3.2 Problems the law intended to remedy.What ADEA seeks to remedy includes the reinstatement and back pay for employee or damages if reinstatement is not feasible, or if the employers violation is intentional.3.0 Current StatusThe three curre nt EEO laws have been successful at achieving their intended purposes.As a result of the legislation of Title VII, any employer, grasp organization, joint labor-management committee, or employment agency can bypass the unlawful employment practice for any person involved with any organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by terminal order of the Subversive Activities Control Board. Another positive outcome of the passage of Title VII is that an individual can bring a private causal agency on discrimination.It is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment, because such individual or applicant opposees any practice made unlawful by the ADA legislation, or because such individual or applicant for membership makes a charge, testifies, assists, or participates in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or litigation under the ADEA legislation.The ADEA law does not forbid favoring the young over the old, but it prohibits having a discriminatory preference for the young over the old. This leads to giving all job applicants equal employment opportunities regardless of their ages. However, it does not apply to state employees because of the Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents.These laws have been successful because then employees become free in working or applying for jobs, It has worked in the US and currently employers are observing the rules. The effects of these legislations have been far reaching and have had tremendous long-term impacts in the US. Some of the effects include the prohibition of discrimination in public facilities, in the government, and in employment, invalidating the Jim Crow laws in the southern US. It became illegal to compel segregation of the races in schools, housing, or hiring. Powers given to enforce the bill were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years.Currently, there are many upcoming events suchas a case study tha t acts as a precedent for futre rulings. Demographic factors arise due immkigrations caused by economic integration and globalisation. All these need to be accomodated and necessay ammendments made to existing laws. The existence of age discrimination in employment because of age affects commerce, and burdens the free flow of goods in commerce. It is therefore the purpose of this chapter to promote employment of older persons based on their ability alternatively than age to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment.4.0 time to come StatusNone of these EEO laws need to be changed. Even though Title I of ADA was found unconstitutional by the United States in the unconditional Court in the case of Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett, and found to be violating the States Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution sovereign immunity rights, it allowed the states to be sued for money damages. This is an meter reading that the legislation is in force.Title VII and the ADA may be generally applicable when a charge challenges discrimination by a remote or foreign owned employer within the United States. However, such a respondent may allege that it is protected by the terms of a agreement or international agreement that limits the full applicability of U.S. anti-discrimination laws.The 1978 Amendments to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act will ultimately affect the future labor force. The retirement age policies have been hurting older workers, but changes that are expected to occur will ensure better terms for them. Pension benefits have also been affecting the older work force but the future holds better terms for them. It also leads to the urge of a linked employment or retirement policy.Companies and other employers are likely to respond quickly in the future to avoid legal charges, so that they may not be see n as having refused to adhere to a law. Finally, there would be more business as a result of a variety of intellectuals in the work force, both young and old, people of different backgrounds and even those with disabilities.5.0 ReferencesBrauer, Carl M., (1983) Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 49 Journal of Southern History.DeLeire, Thomas. (Autumn, 2000). The remuneration and Employment Effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 693-715Fielder, J. F. (2004). Mental Disabilities and the Americans with Disabilities Act,Westport, CT Quorum Books, 2004Loevy, Robert D. A Brief History of the Civil Rights Act OF 1964, in David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski, ed., The American organization (Chicago, IL Nelson Hall, 1985), pp. 411-419.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

fetal Alcohol Syndrome foetal Alcohol Syndrome is a series of receive defects such as physical, mental, behavioral and learning problems caused by the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Kenneth Jones and David Smith at the University of Washington in Seattle officially identified foetal Alcohol Syndrome in 1973 (Golden 1). The exact reasons certain fetuses are affected and others are not, is not fully understood. CDC reports state that 0.2 to 1.5 per 1000 babies are born each year in the coupled States with alcohol related induce defects (CDC 1).Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can be prevented with education. Even small win overs in education and behavior can reduce the assay of women giving birth to babies with fetal alcohol syndrome. Women have been drinking for years not knowing or understanding the entraps that alcohol had on their babies. round women that drink do not even know they are pregnant and may unknowingly and unintentionally cause damage to the unborn and develop ing baby. wherefore there are the women that are addicted to alcohol. The drive can be stronger for the alcohol than for the health of herself or her unborn baby. Education, behavior modification and detoxification are areas of change needed to help with prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.When alcohol is consumed it is absorbed into the mothers bloodstream and passed through the placenta and into the central nauseated system of the fetus. Alcohol depresses the central nervous system of the fetus. Alcohol is a potent teratogen. A teratogen is any substance which has been proven to cause birth defects. It is not fully known if it is the alcohol or acetaldehyde, which is a breakdown product from alcohol, which causes birth defects. How the damage occurs is not completely understood, but alcohol does create a glucose and oxygen deficit for the fetus (Spong 1). in that respect is increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth defects in women that drink, peculiarly in the fir st trimester. Also, the amount of alcohol economic consumption can multiply the chances of these effects. The organs of the fetus undertake developing between three to ten weeks. Alcohol may affect the developing organs such as the heart, brain and central nervous system. Because of the effect on the brain, alcohol can cause mental slowness. Damage to the brain can happen anytime during the pregnancy since the brain develops for all nine months and beyond birth (Belfort 2006).The effects of the alcohol can vary in range of severity and parts of the anantomy. Some babies are born with growth deficiencies due to the alcohol manipulation during pregnancy. They are short in length, under weight, and have small heads (Wong). Facial abnormalities hold small eye openings, drooping eyelids, skin folds across the inner corners of the eyes, a flattened or missing bridge of the nose, underdeveloped philtrum, thin upper lip, cleft lip, and cleft palate (Wong). There are major organ defects, especially of the heart such as septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, and patent ductus arteriosus (Wong). They may have problems with their respiratory system such as apnea, pulmonary hypertension and SIDS. Renal abnormalities include aplastic, dysplastic, hypoplastic kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, ureteral duplications, and hydronephrosis (Wong 844). They may have joint and limb abnormalities. Some of the skeletal abnormalities are restriction of movement, altered palmar crease patterns, hypoplastic nails, slashed digits, radionulnar synostosis, flexion contractures, pectus excavaum and carinatum, Klippei-Feil syndrome, hemivertebrae, and scoliosis (Fry-Johnson 42) . Malformation of the Eustachian tube, conductive hearing loss and nuerosensory hearing loss are some auditory defects. They tend to have chronic ear infections. They have a tendency to be more susceptible to infections (Wong 844).Malnutrition is a risk factor for women that drink and can lead to birth defects. Malnutrit ion can cause low birth weight, growth retardation, fetal damage, and is an increased risk for spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. There are several reasons for the malnutrition. First, alcoholics prefer alcohol over food therefore the intake of needed nutrients is poor. Then there is reduce absorption and metabolism of nutrients.Women that drink can be deficient in many vitamins and minerals such as vitamin B6, folic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, vitamin K, iron, atomic number 12 and atomic number 30. Deficiency in vitamin B6 can result in a clubfoot, cleft lip and palate. Folate acid deficiencies are related to neural tube defects and orofacial defects. hepatoflavin deficiency may affect failure to grow, thrive and develop. Lack of thiamine has been found to cause heart defects. Deformities related to vitamin K deficiency are shortened fingers, cupped ears, flat nasal bridges, and underdeveloped nose, mouth and mid face. Babies that are born iron deficient are often smaller and sh orter. Deficiency in zinc has been linked to impaired growth and development. Zinc deficiency has been related to lower immunity in infants and abnormalities of the nervous system that lead to learning difficulties and mental retardation (Anderson 3).According to an article by Mary J. OConnor in the American Journal of Drug and Alcohol abuse, kidren with fetal alcohol syndrome may show cognitive and assist deficits, increased activity levels, problems in inhibition and state regulation, perseverative behavior, and expressive language and motor problems. These problems may last into and throughout adulthood. They may have difficulties such as bonding in infants and depression in 4-6 year olds. There have been reports of depression, anxiety, psychosis, somatic complaints, delinquency, hyperactivity and sleep disorders. OConnor also reports in a study done on 473 people that were prenatally exposed to alcohol 44% were diagnosed with major depressive disorder, 40% had psychotic disord ers, and 20% had bipolar disorders(Womens Health1). Studies on prenatal alcohol exposure and relation to IQ show varying severities. It was noted that some children for unknown reasons are more susceptible than others to the effects of alcohol. An article in Journal of School Health by Jennifer H. Green reports on a review of studies done showing an average IQ for people with fetal alcohol syndrome at 65.73 with a range of 20-120 (Green 1).Fetal alcohol syndrome is a preventable problem. The public needs to be educated on the effects alcohol can have on an unborn child and that no amount of alcohol is safe during pregnancy. The effects from alcohol ingestion during pregnancy can range in severity and last a lifetime. healthcare worker must educate and advise all females within childbearing years of the potential harm to the fetus. During pregnancy it is never too late to term of enlistment and reduce the risk to the fetus. Ultimately it is up to the mother to follow through with t hese warnings and advice.Work CitiedAnderson, Mark. Historical Perspective Prenatal Nutrition and Birth Defects. Selen River Press, 2008. World unspecific Web. July 24, 2008.http//www.seleneriverpress.com/media/pdf_docs/36_BirthDefectsandNutrition.Belfort, Mandy. Department of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Childrens Hospital Boston, Boston, MA. , Healthline Pregnancy Guide, February 2006World Wide Web July 26, 2008.http//www.healthline.com/yodocontent/pregnancy/premature-baby-brain-problems.htmlCenter for Diease Control and Prevention.(2006) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. World Wide Web July 24, 2008.http//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fas/fasask.htmhowFry-Johnson, Yvonne W. M.D.(2005). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Its a Faith Walk World Wide Web July 25, 2008.http//www.sefasrtc.org/presentations/Its%20a%20Faith%20Walk%2031705Fetal%20Alcohol%20Syndrome.pdfGolden, Janet. 2005. Message in a Bottle The Making of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Cambridge Harvard University Press.Green, Jennifer H.Fetal alcoh ol spectrum disorders understanding the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and supporting students.Journal of School Health77.3(March 2007)103(6).General OneFile.Gale.BREVARD COUNTY LIBRARY SYSTEM.24 July 2008http//find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS.Prenatal alcohol exposure has effects out-of-the-way(prenominal) beyond fetal alcohol syndrome.Womens Health Weekly(Dec 9, 2004)75.General OneFile.Gale.BREVARD COUNTY LIBRARY SYSTEM.24 July 2008http//find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS.Work CitiedSpong CY (2006) Protection against Prenatal Alcohol-Induced Damage. PLoS Med 3(4) e196 doi10.1371/journal.pmed.0030196Wong, Donna L., Hockenberry, Marilyn J., Perry, Shannon E., and Lowdermilk, Deitra Leonard. (2006). Maternal Child Nursing Care (3rd edition). St. Louis Mosby Elsevier.

Learning English Through Videogames

Learning English Through image backsThis paper gets a study of the viewpoints on moving picture spicy vie toward second/foreign wording encyclopedism among ESL/EFL scholars in Xalapa, Veracruz. The results showed that students insights on playing television system secret plans aimed at foreign language study were positive. This paper also do a comparison with factors such as gender and years of playing that contri barelye these insights. The results indicated that types of enliveneds and English proficiency buzz off strong influences on students perceptions. This papers draw a bead on is to present several of the new-madest theories in telly stake studies and new media literacies, in addition to theories of language discipline. Several examples are shown of how computer telecasting backs and web applications such as The Sims 2, Grim Fandango, jumpcut, Apple imovie, Windows movie earnr and some separates could radic eachy change the way in which we forward mo tion language learning and steering.IntroductionThe role of technology as an alter infixed tool for instruction of English foreign language learners increases as educators recognize its possibilities to create some(prenominal) independent and collaborative learning environments in which students mass acquire, immerse and practice a new language (Butler-Pascoe, 1997). Through the engross of the Internet, word processors, motion-picture show games multimedia, and practice programs, students tin engage in individualized instruction designed to meet their specific needs and participate in cooperative projects that will foster communication with peers in their classrooms and by means ofout the global community. This inquiry focuses on the potential of pictorial matter games as a powerful tool for foreign language instruction and acquisition. This is a very important topic for many reasons, the to the lowest degree of which is that so many people do non really understand this mediocre and regard it in the worst possible manner. What many outsiders of the video game culture do not understand is that video games can be an expressive and interesting strong point that can easily com flattere with the best that some former(a) mediums befuddle to offer, and, comparable any type of expressive medium before them, video games have g one(a) by a harsh trial by those who are bigoted, uninformed and prejudiced once morest this medium.This paper provides a great opportunity to explain why computers and video games can betroth an important part in language learning, and why thitherin we have an extraordinary opportunity to educate, not only our children but the population at large done video games. Video games can provide the ability to shape events, environments and positions in a way which is not feasible through any opposite medium. According to Larson (1999) and Li (1999), the transactional reputation and the pedagogic relevance of some state-of-the-art videogame-based interactive technologies make videogames a viable vehicle for foreign language learning.This thesis aims to reach the following objectives1. to make the reader aware of new learning strategies and possibilities for all types of learners2. to discover students views on the feasibility of videogames for language learning and instruction3. to suggest a new represent of activities that can be performed in a classroom using videogames.This thesis firstly discusses findings from conglomerate search studies, as well as current language teaching methodologies, in golf-club to explain how video games can contribute to language acquisition by evaluating several video game genres and emphasizing that virtual(prenominal) pet, simulation and RPG (Role playing games) are beneficial for language acquisition. It also provides various sample activities that can be performed in the ESL classroom using video games in their own right.Secondly, the con textual matter and participa nts are presented as well as a research instrument, after which the data is analyzed and given an interpretation and finally pedagogical implications are presented.Chapter 1 Literature reviewThis chapter firstly attempts to explain why videogames can be suitable for learning a language based on several studies that are described next. Secondly, it also outlines how videogames are slowly being incorporated into the field of rearing. Thirdly, it provides the readers with an overview on videogames and modernding and finally how teachers can usefulness their lessons from modding and how it can be used in the ESL/EFL classroom.1. Videogames and ResearchUsing video games to educate has long been a oft thought-of goal, except rarely an achieved one. Although video games whitethorn not yet be able to educate users in a nitty-gritty area effectively, language learners may benefit from video games. Educational software developers have struggled to present a substantial amount of content and context without sacrificing the degree of control game players expect.Very little research has specifically targeted language acquisition through video games however, various studies carried out over the years in several universities of the U.S, England and Sweden with students of dissimilar majors, as well as current language teaching methodologies support the use of video games to learn language.interestingly, in one study Hulstijn Laufer (2001) found that language acquisition may hinge on the level of involvement in a task, and video game players are oft quite immersed in game play, a trait that may enable them to acquire language, since video games often contain simultaneously presented aural and textual language.Another study done by Prensky (2006) suggests that videogames allow learners to analyze and decode language at their own pace. During game play learners may use one input channel to decode the other because videogame players have a great deal of control over th e game play (various in-game choices can be made, games can be paused, actions can be repeated, and conversations can sometimes be initiated at the players own beck and call.Dornyei Clement (2001, p.399) claimed that one of the principal(prenominal) premises for using video games to educate has been to harness learners motivation. Although, motivation is a crucial element in language learning, motivation alone does not attempt the acquisition of a language. This was stated in some other study performed by Prensky (2004) who found out that one of the about difficult things teachers had to do was to aim for a balance between video game fundamental interaction and learning its language which may result too strenuous for some players cognitive abilities.Nevertheless, Brett (2001) emphasizes in his research that the natural repetition which is present in video games, such as the constant set-up of mini-battles in role-playing games and the frequent use of interactive menus in virtu al pet and simulation games, allows a language learner to be continuously exposed to the target language and creates more opportunities for acquisition to occur as opposed to other media, such as movies or books, which often do not reuse the same vocabulary or grammar, making acquisition more difficult and slow-paced. Interestingly enough, the repetition in video games allows a language learner to use their own initiative to use known language (semantic context, vocabulary or grammar) to decode unknown elements through constant exposure.Furthermore, Crawford (2003, p.261) made a stunning discovery in his research when he stated that a videogame provides players with a useful kinaesthetic link to its language resulting in players having to give a total physical response to actions prompted. Total Physical Response (TPR) activities are used in order to connect the language item whether, vocabulary or grammar, to a physical action, hopefully making the language easier to grasp, which is quite similar in videogames where players perform on-screen actions that may serve to link the language they learn to their native language.2. Video Games and EducationVideo games evoke different emotions in people. Some might perceive them as nothing more than a tool of entertainment, term others might consider them useless and tools of bad influence. Academics, such as Gee (2005, p.13), will say that video games are a new form of interactive media worthy of academic multidisciplinary study regardless of what videogames may be, it is a well-known fact that they are a evident yet entertaining way for youngsters to spend their time.It comes as no surprise that many educators and teachers are trying to add video games to their lessons and curricula design both to catch and retain the attention of students, not to mention to enhance the course content and likability. Many business, medicine, and law schools in northern Europe are implementing video games such as Kristens Cookies, Dexter and Objection as part of their curricula, whilst other schools introduce more commercially known titles, for example Brain Age and impairment Center to their science and math courses. According to Hoggs research (2006) carried out in some European universities, students motivation and therefore grades, have soared exponentially as opposed to slump since the implementation of video games in their curricula.Video games have become increasingly widespread in their use, both as a hobby and as an educational tool. ESL teachers should be no exception and be able to make use of this technology to help students in teaching grammar points as much as in developing students speaking ability.3. Video Games and ModdingFor over cardinal years there have been many attempts at designing educational software with all of them resulting in failure and thus a sense of hopelessness prevailed through much of the educational software community. Fortunately, the emergence of new models have made education and entertainment games stop competing with one another. If we look at todays entertainment video games, many will be nothing like the games prevalent in the late 90s when educators and game developers first teamed up in an attempt to insert artificial learning moments inside games. Back then, in-game worlds were relatively fixed and did not have much depth whatsoever, enabling the player only to play out the action of a pre-programmed story.Today, nonetheless, according to Hansson (2005) games are presumably more sluttish-ended, with many of them encouraging players to take an active role in the construction of the game itself through the use of various mod tools. The term mod means modification, in videogame terms mod refers to a user made add-on to an already existing game. For example, one of 2007s best selling video games, The Sims 2 does not determine any open goal or winning outcome. Rather, the game presents itself as an open-ended virtual doll house in which us ers play out and share stories with one another should they choose to.As a result of the enormous flexibility of this game, thousands of players created content add-ons or game modifications now available for free on the web. Surprisingly enough, so far, little has been attempted by educators to use the extensive mod tools available for The Sims 2 to implement learning content in a way that naturally integrates with the in-game experience (Goldfayn, 2006).However, mod tools provide full access to all the language data used in all the different international versions of a game. This allows plan designers to easily manipulate popular video games to create opportunities for foreign language learning. Johnson,( 2005, p.191) claims that for approximately educational disciplines, the main rule when choosing a video game to be modded is that the closer the original contents of the game are to the educational discipline involved, the smoother the process will be. Most people play video g ames straight off and everyone seems to work on a computer, so learning a foreign language through video games can be as viable as learning it through traditional classroom instruction.For example, in order to make a game like Civilization III relevant to a score classroom, one simply needs to edit a a few(prenominal) maps, scenarios and variables while a game like The Sims 2 actually does have a distinct similarity between the contents of the game and the contents of an introductory language textbook (parts of the body, furnishing the house, finding a job/professions, emotions, etc), the fact that almost all games use language in one way or another allows a far wider range of games to be modded for usage in foreign language learning than other educational disciplines.4. Modding in ESLThere has been a recent increase in the number of game environments or engines that allow users to customize their gaming experiences by building and expanding game behavior. What is described here is the use of modifying, or modding, existing games as a means to learn English. A case of game modding in classroom settings is described to illustrate skills learned by students as a result of modding existing games, in this case the game which was modded is The Sims 2.Below are some examples of how you can mod a videogame to suit your needs as a teacher as well as your students. These are 2 sample activities that have been put into practice by teachers such as Mylene Catel, (http//www.mylenejcatel.com/) who have put an enormous amount of effort into this. Simply by playing the modded version of the game (The Sims 2), students are gradually exposed to heavy amounts of reading practice in the foreign language. However, designing specific reading comprehension tasks helps the teacher assess learning better. Next, I describe an activity which can be performed using the previously mentioned gameStep 1. Students write a description of their favorite imaginary grace in the foreign l anguage including any number of specific details (There is a pristine water creek, there are many leafy trees in which birds gather to chirp, There is a family having a picnic nestled under the trees , etc).Step 1.5. The teacher helps correct any mistakes in the students descriptions.Step 2. Students randomly permutation their descriptions with one another via the game.Step 3. Use the cheat mode to give students unlimited money.Step 4. Students avail themselves of a mod tool given by the teacher and create the landscape outlined in their description.Step 4.5. The teacher assesses how many of the specific details students correctly incorporated into their creations.Step 5. Students once again exchange their finished descriptions.Step 6. Students verbally describe to one another their creation. Students try to discern which landscape is the one they originally designed.Chapter 2 MethodologyThis research was conducted in order to determine whether playing videogames plays a significa nt role in the psycheal development and learning of a second language. It weighs the pros and cons of using this medium for learning and expresses what videogames are suitable for learning English and what videogames can enhance students reading, listening and speaking skills. I opted to obtain the view of language students from different schools. Specifically, students corned 18-25 from 2 schools within Xalapa were selected for this task, 10th semester students of the teaching area from the English B.A of the Universidad Veracruzana and advanced level students from Bristol Institute as informants from December 2007 to April 2008.Selected participants answered a questionnaire about the role of videogames in ESL/EFL learning. In order to determine whether videogames play an important role in learning English more efficiently, a total of 20 respondents were asked to participate, 10 of them were from the Universidad Veracruzana and the other 10 were Bristol students.Instrument. A qu estionnaire was administered to collect as much data as possible. The questionnaire consisted of 10 open-ended questions of which five questions had to do with the participants learning English through videogames and the other five questions had to do with the participants views on whether or not videogames have enhanced their learning and comprehension of a foreign language. To achieve pertinent information, certain comprehension criteria were imposed. The participants chosen had to be students who had been studying English for at least 4 years. This qualification ensured the participants understanding the nature of this questionnaire and its use for teaching English, making the questionnaire items easy for them to understand.My questionnaire which was administered to both populations was based on the following criteriaHow much English and how well these students had learnt it by using videogames.The types of games they preferred in their learning process and how such games had he lped acquiring their skills in English.Procedure. The administration of the questionnaire to the U.V student population was done when I was studying 10th semester of the English B.A. Therefore, the questionnaire was administered to my classmates at that time. However, to administer my questionnaire to the Bristol student population I had to ask for licence to the school principal, and after granting such, I was able to administer it, all in all both populations seemed to have no problems or questions at the time they answered it.Chapter 3 Results and DiscussionIn this chapter, I will present all data gathered from the questionnaire related to my research questions I administered to several students as well as charts representing the analysis of what was said in each question. The questions will be divided in two sections according to my research questionsHow do students learn English through videogames?What type of games do students play in their learning process and how they help ?Analysis of questions 1, 2,3,4,5 of the questionnaire refer to section one.1. Is vocabulary, rather than syntax, more easily and consistently acquired from video games? tabu of the 20 students who answered this question 16 students said that vocabulary was best learned through this medium while 4 thought that syntax was the one best acquired.From these answers it can be inferred that these students mostly learn vocabulary, and syntactical patterns from games. Nonetheless, the focus of what is to be learned will fall into what the students needs are. From my perspective students also benefit from learning pronunciation subconsciously because pitch is present in most games.2. What grammatical patterns or chunks of language do you usually learn from videogames?Out of the twenty students who answered this question, eleven answered that they usually learn phrasal verbs and idioms from videogames while the other nine students said they revise through videogames grammatical patterns s uch as reported speech and conditionals.From these answers it can be inferred that for these students videogames help best as an aid to learn phrasal verbs and fixed expressions while others use them as revising materials.3. Do video games help language learners actually acquire language, or do they serve more as a linguistic priming or practicing device?Out of the twenty students who answered this question twelve believed that videogames help language acquisition whereas the remaining eight believed they dear serve as a practicing deviceFrom these answers it can be assumed that videogames can serve as both a learning tool and a practicing device for these students. However, as a teacher you should have in mind the reason why you will employ them.4. Can language be acquired more effectively (more quickly and be retained longstanding) through video games than through other media?From twenty students who answered this question seventeen agreed on their learning being quicker, more effective and easier to retain through videogames. However, another ternion said videogames had no benefit for them.From these answers it can be assumed that for these students videogames are the perfect medium that can enable them to learn faster by learning the language subconsciously through something they might find entertaining because videogames lower their affective filter.5. Do students retain lexical or syntactic language study through video games longer than identical language studied through traditional classroom and self-study activities?Out of the 20 students who were asked this question, 14 answered that they thought retention was easier and lasted longer for them through videogames whilst other 6 claimed they benefitted more from traditional classroom instruction.From these answers it can be inferred that even though for these students retention is generally easier through videogames due to their interaction capabilities with players, how well students retain lang uage patterns through either way will depend on what type of memory they possess.Analysis of questions 6, 7, 8,9,10 of the questionnaire refer to section two6. Which genres of games are the most useful for language learners?The answer to this question was a bit variant since out of the twenty students fourteen considered themselves to be advanced learners while six considered themselves to be upper- average learners. Therefore the advanced students claimed that the most useful game genres for them were Role playing games (RPGs) and action/adventure games as they can employ various decoding strategies. While the remaining six said that in their view the most useful game genres were sports videogames because they can benefit from the repetition patterns present in these gamesFrom these answers it can be inferred that videogames can cater for every mood and personality and can certainly aid these students in their learning process. However, which game genre is most useful to them dep ends on their language level. Bristol students often resort to playing RPGs because of their language level while some teaching area students of the English B.A in the Universidad Veracruzana opted for sports games as their games of choice because they feel they benefit more from the language patterns present in such games.7. Does the learners language level make a difference?Out of the 20 students who answered this question 19 believed that the language level of a learner made a difference in understanding while just 1 student believed that the level did not matterFrom these answers it can be assumed that the level of a learner will play a crucial part in taking full advantage of the videogame approach toward language learning. For example advanced students are always eager to play RPGs which are more complicated than other game genres while intermediate or basic students try to look for games in which actions can be describe more than once.8. Do voice information games force na tive and non-native speakers to modify their pronunciation in unnatural ways?From twenty students who answered the question thirteen said that voice recognition games were a rich tool to help their pronunciation subconsciously while the remaining seven said their pronunciation could only be improved through direct interaction with an English native environment which leads to demonstrate that these few students have a conservative way of thinking.From the answers of these students it can be inferred that voice recognition games are just as in effect(p) as interacting within an English speaking environment since the pronunciation used in such games is usually done by native English speakers.9. Do language learners benefit from having their actions described by a sports video game?All twenty students who answered this question said they did benefit from this approach because it was quite practical.From these answers it can be assumed that videogames can come as a new refreshing appr oach toward language instruction that students would really consider since both males and females showed much interest in sports videogames10. How long would it take a learner to acquire a language through a video game rather than through classroom instruction or self-study textbook?All students had different views on this particular question. Eleven believed you could learn English through this medium in one year while another four believed you could learn it in six months time, two more students said in a few weeks and yet another three claimed the time you learn it was entirely up to the learner.From the answers given by these students it can be inferred that theres no agreement on a learning curve. According to these students how fast students learn the language depends on other factors such as motivation and what kind of learners they are.Conclusion In these data most of these students claim that they can learn a language using videogame classroom instruction. According to th em not only is it a refreshing new approach but it is also quite beneficial for vocabulary acquisition and the subconscious learning of pronunciation. However, a teacher should always keep in mind the objective as to why they will use videogames.Chapter 4 Pedagogical ImplicationsIn this chapter, I provide some examples of how videogames can be exploited to design many denseness activities for the ESL/EFL classroom. This chapter is organized into the following sections RPGs, RPGs and the ESL classroom, elements of literature, debates on cultures, portfolios, character analysis, oral presentations, quizzes/tests and suggested games for classroom use.1. Role Playing GamesNot all video games can be considered classroom-safe. Many video games, while being visually stunning games in their own right, may either be too violent or too devoid of content to be used in an ESL classroom. There is, however, one genre of video games that is ideal for the ESL classroom Role Playing Games (RPGs) ( Goldfayn, 2006). Traditionally, role plays are associated with a person pretending to be someone else. This is exactly what a RPG is. In RPGs, players take control of a character and embark on chilling journeys similar to those told in Edgar Allan Poes horror novels or heart-pounding adventures like those told in Jules Verne stories. According to Din (2002) students become exposed to long hours of in-game dialogue, as well as substantial amounts of written text while being immersed in a quest, perhaps one to save a kingdom, slay a demon or vampire, or save the world. As players retrieve information by interacting with other characters, they advance through the game with the purpose of reaching a final goal and objective just like in any lesson plan.2. RPGs in the ESL ClassroomIf there were to be any kind of video games in an ESL classroom, it would be RPGs. In a video game ESL classroom session, the students will play through the game. During this play time the students become expo sed to English language dialogue with various accents, which undoubtedly helps students develop their aural skills. RPGs also help them develop their reading skills, as the game will not continue unless the players, in this case students, meet certain requirements which are communicated to them through either spoken communication or written dialogue. Truly, exposure to a language or text does not create bilingual students it is just not enough. That is why the teacher should plan certain activities to encourage students to share the experiences they just had playing the game and some other complementary activities to reinforce what they learned in the game.3. Elements of Literature (writing activity)Every story, just like every game, has an introduction, action development, a climax, descending action, and an ending. Many stories, just like many games, have flashbacks, foreshadowing, and personification. It is always advisable to give students a brief introduction regarding these e lements, so that they may be familiar with them when they run into them while playing through a game.4. Cultural Debates (oral activity)The bulk of RPGs have good stories, and all good stories have a setting. Before students get round to playing a game, the teacher should survey students knowledge of other cultures. Getting the students to start a debate on the similarities and differences in their culture or on different cultures in general is always a good way to start. You may begin the class by asking the students what they know about other cultures, a discussion on the Mayan culture, Feudal Japan or the American civil war usually get the students in a talkative and lively mood, as they can bring forth experiences they have had throughout their lives whether these be by watching movies, reading books or personal experiences. After the discussion, the teacher explains to students they are about to play a video game that has elements of different cultures in its world. The teache r should then provide a little information on the game and its characters, so that the students do not feel completely wooly-minded when they begin.5. The PortfoliosA portfolio is a collection of evidence that represents achievement and learning within a module/course or programme of study. The portfolio is a tool that can be used once a week, after playing the game. The student would have to write a short summary of what happened in the game as well as comment on the events from the game that they liked or disliked most. If students are at an advanced level they could be asked to comment on some of the more abstract concepts that appear in the game, such as love, friendship, and parenthood. Once the students have finished the game, they could be asked to write an entry regarding the elements of literature in the video game they played. Their writings would have to include short summaries of the events that happened in the game, so they would sort those events into the introductio n, the rising action, the climax, the descending action, and the resolution of the game. Some games have open endings and require the players to fill in the gaps with their imagination. In case of such games, a good entry to ask the students for would be one in which they will have to account for what they think happened after the game ended.6. Character Analysis (oral activity)Students can be asked to analyze their favorite character from the game. Starting with a drawing of the character, intermediate or beginner students could discuss how the character looks, speaks, and acts, while higher level students could discuss their characters behavior, thoughts, and purposes. The student should always say what their chosen characters stand for (for example, Alex from Lunar the eloquent Star for the Playstation could be seen as someone who represents friendship, love, and heroism). This would be a great opportunity to teach students to empathize by asking them questions like how would y ou have felt up during this specific event in the game, had you been the character?7. Oral PresentationsAnother course of action is having students make short oral presentations on characters, themes, or plot segments of the game. If there is enough time and resources, the whole class could put together a play about an event or events from the game.8. Quizzes / TestsA quiz or a test about a video game would be conducted in the same way a quiz or test about a short story or novel would be done.

Cell-based Therapy For Myocardial Regeneration

Cell-establish Therapy For myocardial RegenerationABSTRACTMyocardial infarctionion is atomic number 53 of the main cause of mortality in some countries. in that locationfore, an hard-hitting therapy for myocardial infarction is required. Reperfusion and other conventional therapy have been the mainstay therapy for myocardial infarction. However, m all an(prenominal) patients remain refractory to this therapy. Cell-based therapy is considered a novel therapy, in which al-Qaeda turn carrellphones atomic number 18 used for cardiac repair. report cells argon potential therapeutic and promising option that could be the alternative solution for salvaging dam bestrided cardiomyocyte. Based on stream studies, bow cells are a promising therapeutic go on for myocardial infarction. However, some challenges need to be answered by future studies before this novel therapy hind polish off be wide applied. This essay provides an overview of the progress in al-Qaida cell therapy for m yocardial infarction.INTRODUCTIONThe robust potential of stem cells were still a mystery, just now today, we are constantly guideting new information on this particular return. One of the prospects of stem cell therapy is to treat damaged cardiomyocyte (Fischer, et.al, 2009 Beltrami, 2003).Acute myocardial infarction is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in many countries. Not only this disease causes a massive socio-economic burden, but also reduces the quality of live for patients who decease the attack (Hamm, 2016). Currently, one of the mainstay therapy for myocardial infarction is rapid revascularization to limit ischaemic damage. Reperfusion and other conventional therapy have undoubtedly saved so many lives, yet there are patients remained refractory to this therapy and leave(p) with no other treatment options. In addition to that, many patients who have underwent reperfusion strategy and survived, often left field with significant impairment of left vent ricular systolic function. One big question remain unanswered. Is there any other treatment option for these patients? medical checkup therapeutic approach to reduce damaged cardiomyocyte and give back new functioning muscle is the current unmeet need.Stem cells emerge as the novel procedure to furbish up damaged cardiomyocytes, and this procedure is popularly kn possess as cellular cardiomyoplasty (Pendyala, et.al, 2008 Reinlib, 2000). Many preclinical and clinical trials have documented the potential use of stem cells to generate viable cardiomyocyte and improve cardiac function (Bergmann, et.al, 2009). To date, there are many different types of adult stem cells and progenitor cells used for this procedure, some of which are pearl mall derived stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and so on. Since the advance of stem cells technology is faster than ever before, this essay aimed to give an evidence based update on stem cells use for myocardial infarction , what we have achieved so far, and what does the future hold for this break with.CELL-BASED THERAPY FOR MYOCARDIAL REGENERATIONAfter an ischaemic attack callable to occluded coronary vessels, liveliness muscle usually left damaged and nonfunctioning. However, recent evidence suggested that the cardiac muscle could actually undergo a control amount of renewal. A prospect of inducing muscle cell to undergo division for cardiomyocyte replacement, or generating new muscle by stem cells are certainly intriguing (Roell, et.al, 2002 Santoso, et.al, 2011).Stem cells are capable to proliferate in the same state (self-renewal) and differentiate into multiple cell lineages. On the other hand, progenitor cells are more specific and have limited differentiation potential. Mechanism on how stem cells work are as follows firstly, these stem cells need to be extracted from the germ (eg. bone marrow), aft(prenominal) that these stem cells need to be delivered to the injured area. These cells a re implanted in the myocardium, and due to the nature of these cells, they would grow and differentiate/transdifferentiate into cardiomyocyte. To achieve the determination of cardiac repair, these cells should also have the dexterity to fuse with the surrounding tissues that their harmonious compaction increases the heart contraction. Furthermore, these newly-formed cardiomyocyte should also express the appropriate electromechanical properties required for contraction to yield a synchronous contraction (Templin, et.al, 2011 Makino, et.al, 1999).Many clinical studies have documented the feasibility and safety of cellular cardiomyoplasty in patients with coronary artery disease (Makino, et.al, 1999 Strauer, et.al, 2002). To date, there are some different types of adult stem cells and progenitor cells used for this procedure, some of which are bone marrow derived stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and many others (Jackson, et.al, et.al, 2001 Kamihata, et.al , 2001 Bolli, et.al, 2011)POTENTIAL SOURCE AND TYPE OF STEM CELLSBone Marrow Derived Stem CellsBone marrow derived stem cells (BMCs) are the most widely study type of stem cells. Orlic et al. (2001) first describe the ability of bone marrow cells to reestablish infarcted myocardium in mouse models. The transplanted cells showed transdifferentiation into cardiomyocyte which eventually lead to improved left ventricular ejection fraction (Orlic, 2001). The three types of stem cells derived from bone marrow are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) (Orlic, 2001 Piao, et.al, 2005 Badorff, et.al, 2003).The role of BMCs for discerning myocardial infacrtion has been reported to improve left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), both in REPAIR-AMI and BOOST trial (Meyer, et.al, 2006 Schachinger, et.al, 2006).BOOST trial demonstrate an acceleration of LVEF later on intracoronary BMCs transfer (ejection fraction increased by 6.7% in the BMCs group as compared to 0.7% in the control group), and significant direct was sustained until 18 months (Meyer, et.al, 2006). While in REPAIR AMI trial, improvement of LVEF, infarct size and wall thickening of infarcted segments were reported at two old age follow up. At two years, the cumulative end point of death, myocardial infarction, or necessity for revascularization was significantly reduced in the BMC group compared with placebo (hazard ratio, 0.58 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.94 P=0.025) (Assmus, et.al, 2010 Perin, et.al, 2012).Skeletal MyoblastSkeletal muscle has the ability to regenerate under certain circumstances. Skeletal resident stem cells are usually known as satellite cells, and these cells would differentiate to new myocytes in response to injury. However, whether this ability can be translated to a different condition, as in cardiomyocyte repair, should be further studied (Taylor, 198 Reinecke, et.al, 2002). MAGIC trial, a randomized controlled phase II tr ial, showed no significant changes in terms of global and regional LV function in skeletal myoblast- treated patients (Mensche, et.al, 2008). A nonher study performed by Dib et al.(2005) showed an increased in LV ejection fraction in the group treated with transepicardial injection of autologous SMs.Mesenchymal Stem CellsMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are another potential option for cellular cardiomyoplasty. Mesenchymal stem cells can be found in various tissue, such as bone marrow and adipose tissue (Pittenger, 2004). One interesting machine by which MSCs mediate cardiac function improvement is the paracrine effect. MSCs may secrete soluble cytokines and growth factors that would eventually influence adjacent cardiomyocyte (Gharaibeh, et.al, 2011). hare JM et al. (2009) studied the faculty of intravenous allogenic human mesenchymal stem cells in patients with myocardial infarction. According to this study, intravenous MSCs were safe as showed by the similar adverse event rates in both intervention and control group. MSCs injection favorably affected patient functional capacity, quality of life and LV remodeling (Hare, et.al, 2012).Endothelial Progenitor CellsEndothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been linked with neovascularization in ischemic tissue. This interesting finding lead to the use of EPCs for another therapeutic purpose like cellular cardiomyoplasty (Isner, et.al, 1999). The human peripheral device gillyflower-derived EPCs would be a potential approach because those cells can be easily isolated without the need of major surgical intervention (Lin, et. Al, 2000).This assumption was later corroborate by Badorff et al. In this study, Badorff et al. (2003) reported that EPCs from healthy volunteers and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) patients can transdifferentiate into functionally active cardiomyocytes when co-cultivated with rat cardiomyocytes. However, this finding was later opposed by Gruh I et al. According to this study, there was no signi ficant evidence of transdifferentiation of human EPCs into cardiomyocyte (Gruh, et.al, 2006).Resident Cardiac Stem CellsUntil recently, we believe that heart is a fully turn organ with no capability of self-renewal. However, the adult heart is not a terminally differentiated organ, but harbors stem cell with regenerative capacity, namely resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs). Although the origins of CSCs are yet unclear, they can be isolated from heart tissue and expanded ex vivo for use as a cell-based therapy. There were many types of CSCs have been described in previous studies, like epicardium-derived cells, cardiosphere-derived cardiac cells, and cardiac Sca-1+ cells. These resident stem cells have the potential to differentiate into different types of cells like vascular smooth muscle and myocardial cells (Tang, et.al, 2013 Tang, et.al, 2006 Fazel, et.al, 2006).Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst (inner cell mass) of human embryo forward to implantation. ESCs are pluripotent cells, which means they have the capability to differentiate into any cells, one of which is cardiac myocytes. Due to the source of these cells, there are ethical issues regarding the use of ESC (Kofidis, 2005).The wide potential of ESC comes with a price. The pluripotency of ESC made these cells predisposes to tumor formation including teratomas. Amariglio N et al. (2009) documented the occurence of a human brain tumour following neural stem cell therapy. A boy with telangiectasia was treated with intracerebellar and intrathecal injection of human fetal neural stem cells. Four years later, he was diagnosed with a multifocal brain tumour. After pure(a) analysis, the tumor was of nonhost origin, indicating it was derived from the transplanted neural stem cells (Amariglio, 2009). To date, due to the scarcity of studies on ESC and negative experiences of previous studies, the significance of ESC as cell -based therapy for myocardial infaction remains elusive. The above-mentioned limitation would hopefully be elucidated in future research.Human Umbilical Cord Blood CellsHuman umbilical blood cells (hUCB) contains a large number of non-hematopoietic stem cells which rarely express human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II antigens, thus reducing the risk of rejection. Many studies have reported the capacity and safety of hUCB administration in groovy myocardial infarction model, with conflicting result (Henning, 2004 Moelker, 2007).According to Henning RJ et al. (2004) hUCB administration reduce infarction size and improve ventricular function in rats without requirements for immunosuppression (Henning, 2004). Similar positive finding were documented by Kim et al.Circulating Blood-derived Progenitor cellsCirculating blood-derived progenitor cells (CPCs) are similar to BMCs, which mainly composed of EPCs. Santoso T et al. (2011) studied the safety and feasibility of unite granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and erythropoetin (EPO) based-stem cell therapy using intracoronary infusion of peripheral blood stem cells in patients with recent anterior myocardial infarction. G-CSF is used to mobilized stem cells to the injured area, inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis, promotes neovascularization, and increase the production of nitric oxide. While EPO, that is originally thought to be a hematopoietic hormone only, also may inhibited apoptosis and induced angiogenesis. This phase I study concluded that this procedure is safe and resulted in improved endpoints for LV ejection fraction and cardiac viability (Santoso, 2011).Cardiopoietic Stem CellsCardiopoietic stem cells are not a distinct type of stem cells but refer to the novel way of processing stem cells in order to get a lineage specification. Cardiopoietic stem cells are harvested stem cells that are treated with a protein cocktail to replicate natural cues to heart development, before being injected into the patients heart. The C-CURE trial studied the efficacy of bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells in chronic heart stroke. The isolated mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to a cardiogenic cocktail that trigger expression and nuclear translocation of cardiac transcription factors, before being injected to the patients heart. After six months follow up, patients in the treatment group significantly improved in terms of LVEF and fitness capacity. There was no evidence of increased cardiac or systemic toxicity induced by cardiopoietic cell therapy (Bartunek, 2013). Unfortunately, data comparing the efficacy and safety amid cardiopoietic stem cells and ordinary stem cells without cocktail-based priming is still escapeing.DELIVERY METHODSIn order to make these stem cells reach the heart, a reliable economy system need to be employed. The ideal method should be able to safely and efficiently deliver an optimal number of stem cells to the target tissue. Beside the high efficacy, this actors line method should be as minimally invasive as possible for the sake of patients comfort. There are some delivery methods worthy to know.Intracoronary InfusionAs the name implies, intracoronary infusion is a process of delivering stem cells through coronary artery, usually through intracoronary catheterization. Stem cells are infused under pressure via a ballon catheter. The ballon was inflated in order to prevent anterogade blood flow that would compromize stem cells delivery. Catheter guided cell transfer has its unique advantage of safety under local anesthesia, and a part of routine cardiac catheterization. The intracoronary method provide a maximum number of cells to the target area, with good blood supply which is crucial for cell survival. seven-fold studies have reported the use of intracoronary infusion for stem cells delivery (Strauer, 2002 Schachinger, 2006).Intravenous Peripheral InfusionIntravenous stem cells administration is one of the easiest method t o be employed. Intravenous administration is possible through homing phenomenon of stem cells to the injured heart. Unfortunately, intravenous peripheral infusion comes with some disadvantages. First, only 3% of normal cardiac output will flow per minute through the left ventricle. This low amount of blood would limit the amount of stem cells delivered. Secondly, due to the passing of venous blood in the lung, many cells would trap in lung vasculature that eventually lead to stem cells reduction (Grieve et.al, 2012).Intramyocardial, Transendoccardial and Transpericardial RouteAs mentioned earlier, the downside of intravenous administration is the passing of the blood in certain organs that would entraped some of the stem cells. Unlike intravenous route, intramyocardial method is undoubtly provide direct access to the injured cardiomyocyte bypassing the need for mobilization, homing and any risk of cells entrapment in other organ, thus provide a more effective way to deliver abundant stem cells to the injured area. However, this method comes with its own expense of a more invasive method, not to mention the risk of ventricular perforation in the already damaged cardiomyocyte. Intramyocardial delivery usually performed during an open heart surgery or needle-tipped delivery catheter (Strauer, 2003 Forrester, 2003). Nelson et al.(2009) documented that intamyocardial delivery of iPS originating from reprogrammed fiobroblast, yielded progeny that properly engrafted and resulted in restored contractile performance, increased ventricular wall thickness, and electric stability (Nelson, et.al, 2009).STUDIES employ STEM CELLS IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONMany studies have been carried out to investigate the efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy in patients with myocardial infarction. all(prenominal) of these studies investigated different kind of stem cells with different delivery methods. The ultimate goal of these studies is to answer whether stem cell therapy could be a feasible therapeutic approach for patients with myocardial infarction. The result of these studies were not always positive, even some of the studies did not document any near effect of stem cell therapy. However, this conflicting result need to be intepreted with caution due to the different study method, different type of stem cells used, and different delivery methods employed.Three meta- analysis on the efficacy of BMCs therapy for myocardial infarction have been published. In a meta-analysis by Delewi R et al, intracoronary BMCs infusion is associated with improvement of LV function and remodelling in patients after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The benefit in terms of LVEF improvement was more pronounced in patients with a worse baseline LVEF (LVEF cut off 40%) and younger age (age cut off 55 years) (Delewi, et.al, 2013). In a second meta-analysis by Clifford DM et al. (2012) which include thirty-three RCTs, there was no significant difference in hard end poi nt like mortality and morbidity in the BMCs treated group. However global heart function, as represented by LVEF and infarct size, was improved significantly and was sustained long term (12 to 61 months) in the BMCs group (Clifford, et.al, 2012). The third meta-analysis by Long C et al. (2013) further confirmed the beneficial effect of intracoronary BMCs in patients with lancinating myocardial infraction. According to this meta-analysis, BMCs therapy significantly improved LVEF, while mildly but not significantly reduced left ventricular end-systolic volume and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (Lond, et.al, 2013). These three meta-analysis synonymously agree that BMCs therapy is beneficial in terms of improved heart function and reduced infarct size.CHALLENGES AND THE FUTUREWe have just entered the new era of stem cell therapy. When advanced therapy like primary PCI and thrombolytic showed more limited beneficial for patients with myocardial infarction, the concept of cell-bas ed therapy is definitely appealing. This new approach could be the answer that have been waited for sometime.As we have discussed previously, there are many issues on stem cell therapy that need to be addressed in future studies. Firstly, what is considered to be the best stem cells to replace cardiomyocyte. Secondly, the right delivery method of these stem cells need to be determined. Whether different type of stem cells required certain delivery methods also need to be further elucidated. Another question is the right timing of delivery (acute, sub-acute or chronic), whether it contributes to the fate of stem cells. Fourth, the concentration of stem cells, dose-effect relationship and safety of stem cell therapy need to be further investigated. One particular topic in regard to stem cell safety is the tumorigenicity of ESC. We need to disentangle a way to reprogram these cells so they can differentiate into functional cells, but lack the ability to form tumours. Finally, novel dia gnostic tools are required to detect and evaluate stem cells therapy. Future studies would hopefully provide solid proof on hard end-points (eg. mortality), instead of surrogate markers like LVEF or infarct size.CONCLUSIONTremendous progresses were made in cell-based therapy, and future advances would further lead us to a new solution for ischaemic heart disease. Stem cells own robust potential in medicine, one of which is to replace damaged cardiomyocyte. More evidents are indispensable in advance to widely use of this modality.REFERENCESAmariglio N, Hirshberg A, Scheithauer BW, et al. (2009). Donor-derived brain tumor following neural stem cell organ transplant in an ataxia telangiectasia patient.Assmus B, Rolf A, Erbs S, et al. (2010). Clinical exit 2 years after intracoronary administration of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction. Circ Heart Fail, 3, pp.89-96.Assmus B, Schachinger V, Teupe C, et al. 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Hindu Rituals Essay -- Hinduism Hindu Religion Essays

Hindu Rituals The model holinesser for the Hindu religion would be one that expresses ones devotion in every action that they take. Though the this is current in most religions the Hindu religion is different in that rituals, festivals and other such type of practice atomic number 18 not the same as worship in the Hindu religion. Worship only occurs at a special time, place and occasion. As in the religions like s worship and ritual are performed mostly at the same time. The Hindu religion has many different types of rituals that are performed for different occasions. Some of the rituals can only be performed by plastered hearty classes. many another(prenominal) of the rituals that take place can be found in the Vedic literature. The majority of the rituals are centered around sacrificial fires which are called yajna. Since the Hindu religion does not have a specific place nor time to worship many of them are done at temporary altars, in that location are not any types of dei ties, though there must be Brahmin priests to perform the ceremony. Majority of the rituals only involve the caste system, which is one of the highest social classes. The yajna ritual can be for two purposes, the first type is for the general eudaimonia of a kingdom or for the cosmea as a whole. The moment purpose for the yajna is for the good of the mob. Though the rituals can also mean different things for example the person who may want the ritual done for the good of his household may also want there to be good for the world as well. The only real difference between these two types of rituals is that the ritual for welfare of the world, or for the general public is more complex, longer and more expensive then that of the good of the household ritual. Another type of ritual that takes ... ...ey need to move into in the sacred power. Hinduism has many different types of rituals that serve for different purposes, social system and occasion. Some rituals like the yajna are for that of the general good of the world or their households. There is the puja in which a devotee finds strength in that of a god or goddess. Others are there to help the deceased get to that of the world of the dead. There are pilgrimages in which worshippers go to a destination and become a being of sacred power or become closer to it. Many Christians do not agree with the Hindu religion though if you look closely at their rituals and belief system it really is not that far arrive at from that of Christianity. Hindus believe that there should be good for the world, they believe in some form of god and they take pilgrimages just as many Christian state believe or participate in.

Devil In The White City Essay -- Literary Analysis, Erik Larson

Erik Larsons book Devil in the uncontaminating urban center is full of fancy and madness that has shaped the society of the late 19th snow that is specific to in Chicago. The issues that have been handled through this time frame that argon addressed in this book is that how Chicago was known to be the black city at first, and how the city hoped that hosting the Worlds unobjectionable would increase their reputation. Secondly, the magic of a man named Daniel Burnham that did put the plans of the world fair in Chicago into life and the obstacles that he had overcame. Next, once the world fair was complete, it has made Chicago The White city, by its dazzling designs and attractions that made it memorable. Then, the madness of H.H. Holmes and how his evil deeds has seemed to undermine the world fair and the things that are going on within it with his murders and treachery that does wait Chicago once his evil deeds have been found out. Finally, the events that happened in the world fair that relate to the issues that occur in the late ninetieth century within the United States. The city of Chicago was in a desolate condition before it hosted the World Fair.The city of Chicago was nicknamed The Black City, (P.11) before they had hosted the 1893 fair that had brought the city into life. Chicago was a city that was ridden with much crime and death to the point where young women could have been tempted to fall under the dangers of this city. Death was more monotonous then Chicago then other cities at that time because of murders that were so frequent in this city. The author does point out that You can step from a curb and be killed by the Chicago Limited (P.12). That fact even struck fear into the people who were visiting Chicago just to have swordplay or eve... ...gic of Chicago, but also the darkening madness of H.H. Holmes. This analysis of the book covers the city of Chicago being the Black City, before it hosted the Worlds fair. Secondly, the vivid mag ic of Daniel Burnham did make this fair possible who all of his men that he worked with. Next, the city of Chicago when the fair was going on was a grand exhibition that people around the world would remember in history. Also, the unfortunate sight of the crimes and evil intention of H.H. Holmes had committed, that does put a black eye upon the fair. Finally, The Fair and how it has connect to the historical trends of nineteenth century America. The Devil in the White City is an important novel that does tell of a great historical fair and a crime that has happened within the city of Chicago, the events there during that time period would be an important part in history.